IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


// 


WJ. 


(/.A 


i. 


I.I 


1.25 


If  1^  IIIIIM 

'-  1^    ill  2.2 

t  ii£  IIIIIM 


111= 

U    IIIIII.6 


V] 


<^ 


/] 


^;. 


-^    ^     ^     s^' 


c^>  o>:' 


/ 


^w 


# 


^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


l\> 


^^\  ^<> 


m 


^^ 


% 


'^^^    #> 


>> 


''9,'- 


mv 

s 


% 


CIHM/ICMH 
Microfiche 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliogrephically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


□ 
□ 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagee 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  mrps/ 


Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 


□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bieue  ou  noire) 

□    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


L'institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'ii  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


□    Coloured  page&/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

□    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^es 

□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pellicul^es 

rT7|'  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 


Pages  d^color^es,  tachetdes  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 


r~~!/  Showthrough/ 
l—rd    Transparence 

□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  in6gale  de  I'impression 


D 
D 


D 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  dtait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 


!      j    Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I I    Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


D 

n 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure. 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film6es  d  nouveau  de  facon  ci 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


□ 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires; 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmi  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqub  ci-dessous. 


lOX 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

SOX 

7 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'exemplairn  film6  fut  reproduit  grSce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6x6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  I'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^»>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  These  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  aro  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimde  sont  filmds  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  ralon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comp.orte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivantr  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  mic-  >fiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  —^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  A  cfes  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  film6  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  6  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

i-.. 


\ 

-     M 
/ 


^ 


^.  ^.;^ 


<::^-rrz 


4 


CANADIAN 
->lFLUOR-APATITE.t^ 


m 


t 


P 


CZ 


I 


/fw— 


I 


r/ 


4-(£anabian  ,^luor=Ctpatitc.^' 


^^^..-^C^"*^ 


Cj.  n  E  following  pamphlet,  showing  the  present  status 
J  of  the  Canadian  Phosphate  industry,  is  issued  for 
the  purpose  of  bringing  to  the  notice  of  capitalists  the 
advantiiges  offered  by  judicious  investments  therein. 
From  a  long  and  large  practical  experience  in  mining 
Phosphate,  I  Hatter  myself  that  1  thoroughly  under- 
stand it  in  all  its  phases.  My  attention  was  called  to 
the  within  pamphlet,  issued  by  Messrs.  Benedict  cS: 
Cole,  of  New  York,  which  covers  the  (piestion  so  fully 
that  I  have  secured  their  permission  to  use  it.  1  he 
costs  of  mining,  handling  freight,  etc.,  are  put  at  out- 
side figures,  and  still  show  a  handsome  jn-oht.  The 
demands  in  the  I'nited  Kingdom,  France  and  Spain, 
is  better  at  jnesent  than  for  years,  so  much  so  that 
Phosphates  of  a  low  percentage  are  in  good  demand. 

Any    information   gladly  given   and  correspondence 
solicited. 

NRTHRNIEL  D.  MOORE. 

MINlNi;  EN'.INEER. 


.--..f 


CRNflDlflN 


-4 


H 


\y 


OR-RPfiTITE> 


*^s(£anabian  ,^luorCTpatitc.{' 


'*'-?h;;>'^'*; 


■  1 1 1''  followiiij^'  l)ii('i"(:<)nii-)ilati()ii  of  statistics,  showinj^ 
the  present  status  of  the  Canadian  IMiospliate  in- 
dustry, is  made  lor  the  jnirpose  of  hrinf^inj^^  to  the 
notice  ot  capitalists  the  .Klvauta^^es  offered  by  judi- 
cious investments  therein.  Tlie  importance  ol  the 
subject,  as  well  as  professional  matters,  has  induced 
us  to  make  many  carelul  examinations,  extending  over 
several  of  the  districts  in  which  the  Apatite  occurs,  and 
as  the  results  of  our  researches  have,  in  a  ijreat 
measure,  been  borne  out  by  the  experience  of  others, 
we  hav(}  taken  the  liberty  of  embodying  in  the  following 
Images,  extracts  from  their  published  statements. 

BENEDICT  &  COLE, 

82  LIBERTY  STREET. 


N.  Y.  City,  March  25th,  1884. 


\f 


lOWIUt^r 


Kite  in- 
to the 
y  judi- 
()(  the 
nduced 

irs,  and 
I  ,i;rcat 
others, 
llowiiif^ 


STREET. 


CANADIAN  FlUOR-APATITE.'^ 

The  importance  of  a  su|).)ly  ol  Pliosphates  to  the  soil 
is  made  evident  by  the  fac*  that  the  mineral  part  ol  the 
l)oncs  of  animals  is  for  the  j^reater  part  Phosjdiate  ot 
Lime,  and  up  to  a  recent  p  riod  furnished  a  sufhcient 
suppl)'  of  this  material  for  tlu  demands  of  commerce. 

Of  late  years,  the  increasinj.;  demand  for  Phosphates 
as  fertilizers  has  ilrawn  attention  to  the  use  ol  the 
crystalline  mineral  jdiosjihate  of  lime,  or  Apatite,  of 
which  larj^^e  ipiantities  have  been  imported  from  Nor- 
way antl  elsewhere,  into  Enj^land,  and  attention  has 
recently  l)een  turned  to  the  abundant  supjdies  of  this 
niineral  existinj^  in  Canada. 

The  (juestion  is  sometimes  asked  whether  the  native 
phosphate  of  lime  may  not  be  directly  apjilied  to  the 
soil  as  a  manure,  and  thus  dispense  with  the  costh' 
process  oi  converting  it  into  sujier-})hosphates. 

Ground  bones,  which  is  use-d  with  «5reat  advan,  i^^e 
as  a  manure,  owes  a  jiortion  of  its  efficacy  to  the 
organic  matter  it  contains,  and  which,  b}'  its  slow  decay 
in  the  soil,  gives  rise  to  ammonia,  an  important  ferti- 
lizer. 

The  more  dense  phosphate  of  the  crystalline  apatites 
is,  however,  much  less  soluble  than  the  phosphate 
contained  in  bones,  and  therefore  much  slower  in  its 
action  when  applied  to  the  soil.  Hence  it  becomes  an 
object  to  the  agriculturist  to  apply  phosphate  in  small 
(juantities,  and  in  such  a  form  as  will  be  immediately 
available  to  the  growing  croj). 

For  this  purpose  he  has  recourse  to  the  super-phos- 
phates  of    lime  or  to  some  other  soluble   phosphate. 


_4_ 

When  tliis  is  applied  to  the  soil,  it  is  Hrst  taken  into 
solution  by  the  water  there  present  and  is  then  decom- 
posed by  the  compounds  of  lime  and  other  bases  in  the 
soil,  so  that  it  is  ccmverted  again  into  an  insoluble 
phosphate,  which  is  jiroduced  in  a  statc^  of  very  minute 
divisions,  thus  exposing  a  great  amount  ot  surface,  and 
is  distributed  throughout  the  soil.  This  enormous 
sub-division  whicli  is  obtained  by  using  a  soluble  super- 
phosphate, renders  intelligible  the  great  efhciency  of 
small  (Quantities  of  this  substance  when  apj^lied  as  a 
fertilizer. 

CHARACTER    AND    COMPOSITION. 

There  arc  two  varieties  of  Canadian  Aj^atite,  com- 
monly called  green  and  red,  the  former  varying  in 
color  from  a  very  light  to  a  deep  sea  green,  while  the 
latter  is  usuall}'  reddish  brown.  In  character  it  is 
generally  massive  ;  sometimes  coarsely  crystalline  and 
often  granular.  It  also  exists,  in  considerable  cju'inti- 
ties,  as  well  formed  liexagonal  crystals,  imbedded  in 
limestone  (calcite),  the  crystals  varying  in  size  from  a 
fractional  part  of  an  inch  to  a  foot  or  more  in  diameter. 

As  the  result  of  numerous  analyses  made  by  different 
chemists,  this  mineral  is  found  to  have,  approximatelv, 
the  f(jllowin'r  comix)sition. 

*Triciilt;io  l*li(>«[)liate SO. 70% 

I'Muoridi'  of  (alciiiin 7. '20 

Cliloridi'  (it  C'iileiuiii ().."iO 

('iiilMinate  of  I^inif O.JH) 

Silica.  Maj^fiifsia,  Ahiininii,  and  Ii'oii 1.70 

100.00 
*B(ino  l'lii>.'<jii\atL'  ;  LMjiiivaleiit  to  41.08  per  cent,  ot  Pliospl'ate  Acid. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  it  is  essentially  a  tiuor-apatite 
and  very  rich  in  phosphoric  acid. 

In  appendix  "B"  the  percentage  of  bone  phosphate 
in  several  varieties  ol  "raw  phosphates"  is  given  for 
comparison,  and  shows  the  superiority  of  Canadian 
mineral. 


nl 


THE    GEOLOGY    Ol"    CANADA    APATITE. 

The  tbllowinf^  extracts,  taken  from  a  j^aper  written 
by  Dr.  T.  Sterry  Hunt,  of  Montreal,  and  read  at  the 
meetin^^  of  the  American  Institute  of  Minin<^^  Engineers, 
at  Cincinnati,  in  February,  1884,  brieHy  describe  the 
geological  occurrences  of  Canada  Apatite.  Thev  also 
give  a  plain  statement  of  tne  methods  of  mining  that 
have  been  followed  ;  the  causes  that  led  thereto  ;  the 
cost  of  mining  and  transjiortation  to  Montreal  (the 
}-)oint  of  shipment  to  Europe)  ;  value  of  mineral,  etc.  : 


ON    THI-:    Al'ATITK    DEPOSITS    Ol-     CANADA. 

I'iie  jMt'seiic'o  of  apatito  in  tli«?  LamfiitiiiM  rouks  nt  Ncnth  Anu'iiou  lias  long 
lifi'ii  known  to  MiiniM'alogists.  ami  within  a  few  yoais  so  mucli  intiTust  lias  hi'uii 
»'\(;itc('  liy  tliL'  I'conoiiiic  inipoitan  h:  of  deposits  of  tliis  niint'ial  fonnd  in  ccitain 
parts  of  Canada  that  a  Inief  history  of  oiii'  knowii!d;fi'  of  tiicsc  deposits  may  !•(■ 
acceptahlo  to  the  niendxTs  of  tlu^  AniiTican  Institute  of  Minin;;  KnginciTs.  It 
was  in  1847  tliat  thf  pi'esi'nt  writer  was  shown  hy  a  hn-al  collfctof  of  niinciais 
some  large  crystals,  whieh  hail  lieen  called  heryl,  foiiml  in  North  liur^ess, 
Ontario,  These  were  at  oiu-c-  rccoL;ni/.ed  as  a])atite  ;  and  after  a  \  isii  to  the 
1  n'ality  this  was  descrilied  in  the  report  of  th<-  (ieological  Survey  of  Canada,  for 
that  year  as  likely  tofniidshan  ahnndant  supply  of  a  \ahialile  fertili/er.  the 
opinion  lieinn  then  expressed  that  the  fact  of  •'the'  existence  of  sinli  deposits  as 
these  will  ))ro\'e  of  gieat  importance." 

I  have,  within  tlii'  |)ast  few  moiitli>,  I'xaiiiincMl  with  some  detail  iuaii\  of  tin- 
apatite  workings  in  (hitario,  wideh  have  seived  to  contirni  the  early  ohserv  ations 
and  to  give  additional  importance  to  the  fact,  alicady  insisted  upon  in  prc\ious 
descriptions,  that  the  di'posits  of  a|)atite  are  in  part  i)edded  or  interstratiticd  in 
the  pyroxenic  rock  of  the  region,  and  in  jiart  are  tnie  \-eins  of  posterior  origin. 
'I'lie  gnoissic  rocks,  w  ith  tlu'ir  intt;rstratilicd  ipiart/osi'  and  pyroxenic  la_,crs.  and 
an  included  band  ot  crystalline  limestone,  ha\e  a  general  northeast  and  soiitiiwest 
strike,  and  are  unich  folded,  exhihiting  )»retty  symmetrical  auticlinals  and  syn 
'•linals,  in  which  the  strata  are  seen  to  dip  at  various  angles,  sometimes  as  low  as 
•_'■"»    or    .SO    degi'ees.    hut    more  ofti  n     approaehing     tiie     vertical.  The    lMd<leil 

deposits  of  apatite,  w  incii  are  fou;:il  running  and  di|ipiuu  with  these.  I  am  ilis- 
posetl  to  look  upon  as  tnu;  heils,  dejiosire'l  af  tin,'  same  time  with  the  inclosing 
rocks.  The  veins,  on  the  contrai'v,  cut  across  all  these  strata,  and  in  sonn; 
noticeahle  instances  include  Inoken  angular  masses  of  the  inclosing  rocks.  I'iiey 
arc,  foi'  the  most  part,  neaily  at  right  angles  to  the  .-trike  of  the  strata,  anil 
generally  vertic  il,  though  to  lioth  of  these  conditions  there  are  exceptions. 

'I"h(!  heds  and  vein.s  of  apatite  are  often  traced  foi'  from  ."•()()  to  l,(K)()  fi.'ct  and 
more,  and  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  they  are  continuous  for  long  distances. 
The  workings  upon  tliuni  have,  however,  as  yet  been  very  sui)ertieial,  generally 
from  twenty  to  forty  feet,  and  rarely  exceeding  100  feet.  'I'lie  ileepest  mine, 
whieii  is  in  Ottawa  County,  is  now  about  '200  feet. 


—6— 

I'lic  ordiiiiiiy  tiii<;Uii<'.-^.s  of  tlio  l)t"l(l(.'(l  iiiiissi's  of  ii|)iititi!  iiifiy  I'c  suiil  to  vfiry 
from  olio  to  tliieo  ami  four  feot.  tlioiigli  not  infrt'tjiieiitly  exj)iiiiiliiijj;  to  eii^lit  ami 
ten  fot't,  anil  ovon  more,  and  soiniitimcs  contractini;  to  a  few  indies,  tlie  sain 
layer  lii'ins.'  >iiiliject  to  eon>iiiicral)lc  \ariatioiis.  In  some  casi-s  the  ai)atite  in  a 
licil  is  fouml  to  tliickeii  ami  tlien  to  iliiiiinisli,  or  tu  lie  ■liviileil  liy  tlie  interposition 
of  tlie  a.M'ompaiiyiiig  pyioxenic  roik. 

TIk;  \eiii>!  present  more  eoiiiplex  eomlitioiis  ;  wliile  thoy  are  often  tilleil 
tliroiiglioiit  tlieir  widlli  l>y  apatite  as  pure  ami  as  massi\e  as  that  f  iml  in  the 
heels,  it  happens  not  infrei|Uently  that  jiortiiMis  of  such  veins  consist  of  eoai'seiy 
erystiilliiie.  s));irry  ciileite,  gtiieraliy  reihlish  in  tint,  holding  more  or  less  a|)atit(' 
in  lar,,'i'  or  small  eiystals,  generally  with  rouiid(;d  angles,  and  often  iieeompanied 
liy  crystals  of  mica,  and  sometimes  of  pyroxene  and  other  mi.ierals. 

Tile  thickness  of  the  veins  also,  as  aliove  stilted,  is  very  Naiiahle,  and  the 
same  \ein  in  a  distance  of  a  few  hur.dred  fei^t  will  soiiietinie.-r  diminish  from 
eight  or  ten  feet  to  a.  few  ini'hes. 


'riies(\  howevtM',  as  already  notic»;d,  are  for  the  most  part  ojiened  only  hy 
shallow  pits,  a  condition  of  things  which  is  explained  hy  the  peeiiliar  character 
ukI  the  fieipieiicy  of  the  deposits,  and  also  l>y  the  economic  value  of  the  apatite'. 
This  miiieial,  unlike  most  ordinary  ores,  is,  in  its  crude  state,  a  merchantahlc 
article  of  •onsiderahle  value,  and  finds  a  ready  sale  .it  all  times,  even  in  small 
lota  of  five  or  ten  tons.  Like  wheat,  it  can  l»e  converted  into  ready  nioiiey.  at  a 
prici!  which  generally  gixes  a  large  leturn  for  the  labor  expended  in  its  extraction. 
Hence  if  is  that  farmers  and  other  jiersouM.  cftcii  with  little  or  no  knowledge  of 
mining,  lia\c,  in  a  ,reat  numher  of  places  throughout  the  district  descrihed, 
opened  jiits  and  trenches  for  the  i)urpose  of  extracting  apatite,  ami  at  first  with 
veiy  satisfactory  results.  So  soon,  how^'ver,  as  the  openings  aie  carried  to  dejitlis 
at  wliicii  till'  ))roce.--s  hecome.',  somewhat  ditiicult  from  the  want  of  ajipliances  foi- 
hoisting  the  mrterials  mined,  or  from  the  inflow  of  sui  fa<je-waters,  which  in  wet 
si'a.soiis  till  the  open  cuts,  tiie  workings  are  ahaiidoiied  for  fresh  outcrops,  never 
far  oir.  In  this  way  a  'ot  of  100  acres  will  sometimes  show  five,  ten  or  more 
pits,  often  on  a.>  ma,ny  hi  ds.  from  twelve  to  twenty  feet  deep,  each  of  which  may 
liaAc  yielded  one  oi-  more  iiundred  tons  of  ajiatite,  and  has  lieen  abandoned  in 
turn,  not  from  any  failure  in  tlii^  sup))ly.  hut  because  the  mineral  could  be  got 
with  less  trouble  and  cost  at  a  new  o|j'Miing  <ui  the  surface  near  by. 

'I'liese  conditions  are  scarcely  changed  when  miners,  without  capital  ami 
unprovided  with  machinery  for  hoisting  or  for  pumping,  are  engaged,  as  has 
often  been  the  case,  to  extract  the  mineral  at  a  tixed  price  per  ton.  These,  hav- 
ing no  interest  in  the  future  (;f  the  mine,  w  ill  work  where  they  oan  get  the 
material  with  the  least  expenditure  of  time  ami  labor,  ami  often  will  iiuit  the 
opening  for  some  one  which  is  more  advantageiuis.  The  very  abundance  and  the 
value  ol  the  mineral  mined  has  thus  led  to  its  carele.ss,  wasteful  and  unskilful 
exploitation.  It  is  the  working  of  these  causes,  in  the  way  just  explained,  which 
has  thrown  undeserved  discredit  on  this  mining  iiitlu.stry,  and,  more  oven  than 
the  injudicious  sclioines  of  .speculators  and  stock-jobbers,  has  letarded  its  legiti- 
mate growth. 

It  is  evident  that  the  proper  (levcloi)nient  of  these  deposits  will  roiiuire  regidar 
and  scientific  mining  in  place  of  the  cruilo  plan  of  open  pits  and  trenches,  which, 
from  caiLsoH  already   explained,  has  liitherto,  with   few  exceptions,  been  followed. 


till  anil 

a^s    1ms 

se,  lia\- 

,'et  the 

jiiit  tlif 

iii'l  till' 

nskilfiil 

,  wliie'h 

II  tliaii 

lej-iti- 


—7— 

Tlio  market  value  of  apatite,  wliieli,  aw  is  well  known,  is  eliicfly  eonsnnie*! 
for  the  prcjduetion  of  sohildo  plio.si)liate  liy  the  manufaetiiieis  of  Hititiiial  fertil- 
izers, varies  greatly,  other  thinjj;s  heing  ecpial,  with  its  purity.  Tlius.  while  at 
purseiit  the  priee  in  Kiigland  is  is.  'id.,  the  luut  for  apatitt^  r'^''"f^  '•>'  iinalysis 
7">  per  eent.  of  trieahdc  j)liosphate,  tlieie  is  |)aid  an  addition  of  onetiftli  of  a 
penny  for  each  unit  of  phosahatt;  ahove  that  percentage,  so  that  a  sample  yielding 
liy  analysis  SO  j)er  eent.  is  worth  Is.  ."M.  t!ie  unit.  The  piiei;  in  the  Kiiglish 
market  is  suhjeet  to  considerable  tiuctuatious,  having  '.ithiu  the  last  four  years 
lieen  as  high  as  Is.  .").|,(1..  and  as  low  as  I  Id.  the  unit  fiir  SO  per  cent,  phosphate. 
The  present  may  he  considered  as  an  average  pric;. 

'i"he  Canadian  apatite  sldppe'il  to  Mnglaud  has  yieldei!  for  various  lots  from 
7."»  to  S.'t  per  cent..  SO  l)eing  tlie  average  from  the  hest  conducted  udnes,  though 
lots  from  mines  wiu'rt'  care  has  heeu  used  in  the  dressing  and  selection  of  tlic 
mineral  for  shipment  have  yielded  S4  and  S.'i  per  cent.  .\l<iny  of  tiie  smiilhr 
miners  to  which  \\\',  have  alluded,  selloig  ihi'lr  (iroduet  to  local  huyers,  take  litth; 
pains  in  dressing,  and  hence  their  pro.hut  is  apt  to  he  lower  in  grade.  It  will  he 
seen  in  the  rule  adopted  by  tV. reign  ))urih,iscrs,  that  tlieri'  is  great  jirotit  in  a 
careful  selection  and  di'essing  of  the  mineral  for  market.  The  iiasis  lieiiig  Is.  '2d. 
the  unit  for  7">  per  cent.,  with  a  rise  of  one-tifth  of  a  penny  for  each  unit,  it  fol- 
lows that  while  a  ton  of  7")  l)er  cent.  a])atitc  will  hring  oidy  S7s.  (id.,  (.'J'21.17): 
a  ton  of  SO  per  cent,  will  command  lOOs.  (.'J24.'20)  ;  und  oiu'  of  sr>  per  cent. 
II as.  td.,  (!?'27.42). 

In  the  present  state  of  tlic  industry,  it  is  not  easy  to  say  what  would  lie  the 
<;ost  of  pi'oductiou.  At  the  outcrop  of  tlic  large  masses  of  apatite,  and  in  the 
open  cuts  and  ipiarries  already  descriWed,  the  cost  of  extraction  and  dressing  is 
of  couise  veiy  variahles  I'stimatcs  in  ilitlerent  deposits  giving  from  .':?2  to  $S  the  ton. 

The  amount  of  apiitite  shippctl  from  .Montreal  has  gra  lualiy  increased,  iuid 
according  to  puldished  figures,  attained,  in  ISSM,  17, SM)  tons,  of  which,  it  is  to 
he  remarked,  that  l..")70  tons  wen;  deliviMed  in  Hanihurg  and  (i.'tO  in  Stockholm, 
the  remainder  going  to  [..iverpool.  Loudon,  and  other  Ih'tish  ports.  Of  this, 
ahout  I"), 000  tons  were  from  ()\u'  i.-c,  and  tlnM'emaiiuler  from  Ontario.  It  should 
he  notict;d  that  this  was,  with  small  exceptions,  ndned  in  |SS2,  and  l)roiight  to 
the  water-sid(!  during  the  winter  season.  It  is  estiniiited  that  the  shi^mients  of 
afiatite  for  ISS-t  will  eipuil  •24.00(»  tons. 

'I'lie  methods  of  mining  hitherto  generally  jup-sued  in  the  apatite  deposits  of 
(  anada  allow  of  many  improvements  which  woiud  mateiially  reduce  the  avei'age 
cost  of  ])roduetion,  and  give  a  permancuc  y  to  the  industry  w  hich  the  priisent 
modes  of  woi-king  can  nexer  attain.  The  regularity  and  persistence  of  the  hedded 
deposits  and  of  some  of  the  veins  warrant  the  introduction  of  systematic  mining 
liy  sinking,  diiving,  and  stoping.  with  the  aid  of  proper  machinery  for  drilling, 
as  well  as  for  hoisting  ami  pmnpiug.  The  earefid  dressing  and  selection  of  the 
apatite  for  thii  market  is  also  an  dement  of  much  importance  in  the  exploitation 
of  these  ileposits.  The  cost  of  lahor  in  the  apatite  jimdiuing  districts  is  coirpar- 
atividy  low,  and  there  ar(!  great  numhers  of  heds  now  superticially  opened,  upon 
which  regular  mining  operations,  eonduetcd  with  skill  and  a  judicious  cxjiendi 
t lire  of  capital  should  pro\e  remuneiative.  It  must  he  added  that  the  areas  in 
(piestion  have  as  yet  heen  very  partially  explored,  and  that  much  remains  to  he 
discovered  within  them,  and  also,  tlieie  is  reason  to  helieve,  in  outlying  distiiits, 
so  that  in  the  near  future  the  niining  of  the  apatite  in  ('Miiada,  will,  it  is  helieved, 
beeonie  a  \ery  inipoi'tant  industry. 


-8- 


THE    COST    Ol"    MININd 


varies  according  to  the  size  of  tbc  "pay  streak"'  in  tlie 
vein  or  deposit,  and  the  freedom  of  the  ajiatite  from 
impurities,  such  as  fragments  of  wall  rock,  pyroxene, 
limestone,  and  mica.  Usually  the  cost  of  "cobbing," 
or  hand  dressing,  is  greater  than  that  of  extraction;  but 
$4  to  $S  (i6  to  32  shillings),  may  be  considered  the 
ordinary  limits  of  the  cost  of  the  mineral  ready  for 
shipment. 

THE    COST    Ol"    TRANSPORTATION 

depends  upon  local  facilities.  It  is  customary  to  do 
most  of  the  hauling  in  winter,  when  the  farmers,  having 
little  or  no  work  for  their  teams,  are  ready  to  transport 
the  apatite  to  the  railroads  or  water  navigation  for  a 
much  lower  rate  per  ton  than  during  the  warmer 
months.  Also  the  snow  and  frozen  rivers  and  lakes 
enable  them  to  carry  much  greater  loads.  10  to  20 
cents  per  ton  per  mile  are  about  the  limits  of  the  cost 
of  transfer  by  sleigh  and  wagon. 

Most  of  the  long  distance  transportation  is  done  by 
rail.  The  railway  companies,  as  a  rule,  supply  bins 
for  storage  free  of  charge,  and  receive  i  to  i\  cents  per 
ton  per  mile.  Water  transportation  is  done  by  barges, 
and,  ordinarily,  is  less  expensive  than  by  rail. 

FREIGHT    'ro    LIVERPOOL. 

The  rates  of  freight  from  jVIontreal  to  Liverpool  vary 
from  5  to  15  shillings  (^1.20  to  $3.60)  per  ton  of  2240 
pounds.  10  shillings  (^.-?.4o)  is  a  fair  average,  though 
it  may  be  added  that  their  have  been  times  when  a 
premium  has  been  paid  for  phosphate  to  go  as  ballast, 
and  as  the  transportatior  of  deals  (pine  and  spruce 
planks)  is  beginning  to  be  carried  on  by  steamers,  each 
of  which  requires  300  to  500  tons  of  ballast,  low  rates 
for  phosphates  seem  assured  for  the  future.  In  the 
autumn  of  '83  the  rates  were  7  shillings  or  $1.70  per 
ton. 


in  the 
itc  from 
y'roxcne, 
)bbiiig," 
ion;  but 
red  tlie 
ady   for 


'  to  do 
having 
insport 
1  for  a 
varmer 
1  lakes 
to  20 
le  cost 

Dne  by 
y  bins 
Its  per 
•arges, 


»1  vary 
i  2240 
lough 
hen  a 
illast, 
pruce 
each 
rates 
1  the 
3  per 


— 9— 

OTHER  CHARGES. 

In  addition,  there  are  various  charges  at  Liverpool 
lor  brokerage,  sampling,  analyses,  etc.,  which,  upon 
cargo  lots  of  300  to  400  tons,  amount  to  2s  Ck\  to  3 
shdlings  (60  to  75  cents)  per  ton.  Also  a  discount  of 
2h  per  cent,  is  charged  ;  this  is  e(|ual  to  2s.  (50  cents) 
per  ton  for  an  80  per  cent,  apatite  at  is.  per  unit. 

RESUME  OF  EXPENSES. 

Tabulating  the  foregoing  charges,  we  have  the  tol- 
lowmg  estimates  of  the  total  cost  at  Liverpool  : 

I'KKTdX.  I'KliTON. 

Mining  ,u.,i".ol.lnnK- J"    4    '.J  ^ 

Hauling  to  railway -     ..  ^    ,   _. 

Kreigiit  tr.  Montreal ,'•,:,  ''•] 

Freight  t..  Liverpool ; ; '.  ,  „     "  '  •* 

lirokeiage,  sani))ling,  etc •>     (|  ,;_ 

Discount T)     '  , 

VALUE    OF  APATITE. 

The  average  price  paid  for  Canadian  A^  atite  by  the 
English  dealers  is  is.  (25  cents)  per  unit  (each  per  cent.) 
lor  80  per  cent,  mineral  ;  higher  grade  apatite  is  paid 
for  at  the  rate  of  Id.  additional  for  each  per  cent, 
above  80.  Under  ordinary  circumstances  it  can  be 
readily  and  economically  dressed  up  to  82  per  cent., 
and  frequently  to  between  84  and  85  per  cent.  At  82 
per  cent,  it  would  be  worth  ^4  2  o  or  |$ 20.00  per  ton^ 
Hence  the  following  net  profit  : 

Value  at  Liverpool t;4     2     0  $20  00 

I  otal  cost  at  Liverpool 2  !.'{     0  l'>  S'> 

Net  profit  per  ton    fi     j)     o  >5  7   is 

Finally  it  may  be  stated  that,  while  the'  foregoing 
estimates  of  expenses  are  not  absolute  for  all  the  dis- 
tricts in  which  apatite  is  found,  they  fairly  represent 
the  average  outlay.  From  some  mines  the  cost  is  less, 
from  others  more,  though,  probably,  not  varying  $2.00 
(8  shillings)  per  ton  from  the  estimates  given  ;  but  with 
a  moderately  productive  property  and  suitable  man- 
agement the  net  profit  here  shown  may  be  relied  upon. 


—10— 

It  has  sometimes  been  urj^ed  against  investments  in 
Canadian  phosjjhate  lands  tliat  the  veins  and  deposits 
are  not  continuous  for  any  considerable  depth  ;  that 
they  are  merely  pockets,  and  altogether  unreliable. 
The  principal  cause  of  this  method  of  reasoning  is  the 
manner  in  which  the  operations  of  mining  have  been 
carried  on,  particularly  in  the  earlier  years  of  this 
industry,  and  the  force  of  this  statement  is  much  better 
appreciated  after  a  careful  inspection  of  the  mode  of 
occurrence  of  apatite  in  the  different  districts  The 
mineral  is  frequently  found  in  lenticular  masses,  the 
contracted  portions  of  which  give  to  the  vein  the  ap- 
pearance of  having  "pinched  out,"  if  not  entirely,  at 
least  to  the  extent  that  further  mining  becomes  com- 
paratively unprofitable  ;  the  pits  are  then  abandoned, 
and  operations  are  transferred  to  other  places  jr  ceased 
altogether  But  in  numerous  instances  the  rock  or 
vein  matter  separating  these  "  pockets"  has  been  re- 
removed  and  the  phosphate  found  again,  often  in  larger 
quantities  and  of  a  better  equality  than  before,  much 
to  the  benefit  of  those  most  interested  in  the  work. 
The  writers  have  yet  to  learn  of  a  single  instance  in 
which  a  vein  has  pinched  out  entirely,  and  fretjuently 
as  depth  is  gained  the  mineral  increases  in  cjuantity  and 
purity.  Familiarity  with  the  different  deposits  in  the 
district  is  of  much  value  in  directing  operations  ;  and 
ignorance  of  the  principles  of  mining,  and  the  art  of 
breaking  down  a  maximum  amount  of  mineral  with  a 
minimum  expenditure  of  labor  and  explosives  on  the 
part  of  those  in  charge,  makes  lighter  pockets  for  the 
(Avners  of  the  mines,  Again,  no  great  outlay  for  min- 
ing machinery  is  required  ;  at  first  simply  a  (quarrying 
plant  will  answer,  but  as  depth  is  attaired  a  small 
hoisting  engine  can  be  advantageously  employed,  and, 
should  water  be  abundant,  a  suitable  steam  pump,  but 
there  is  rarely  any  necessity  for  the  latter,  excepting  in 
the  larj/er  mines. 


tnents  iii 
deposits 
:h  ;  that 
reliable, 
ig  is  the 
ve  been 
of  this 
h  better 
lode  of 
'      The 
5es,  the 
the  ap- 
irely,  at 
:s  com- 
idoned, 
ceased 
rock  or 
sen  re- 
larger 
much 
work, 
nee  in 
iiently 
ty  and 
in  the 
;    and 
art  of 
vith   a 
)n  the 
)r  the 
■  min- 
Tying 
small 
and, 
\  but 
ing  in 


-11— 


APPENDIX  A, 


Pliospliiite  laiitls,  ill  CaiifKhi,  are  licM  in  '.wo  wiiy.s.  1st.  I'.y  All^sf)lllt.•  I'ati-nt 
fn.iu  tlie  Crown  ;  and  'in.l,  By  Deed  of  Mineral  Rights  in  fee  .sini[)le. 

In  tiie  Hrat  the  property  is  eonveyed  U,  the  yiantee  al.sohitely  by  a  legul.ii- 
patent,  or  if  already  patented,  l)y  a  regular  warranty  deed. 

In  tlie  second,  the  mineral  viglits  are  granted.  \Vhen  this  is  the  ca.se.  the 
grantee  has  the  rigiit  to  enter  and  work  any  mine  or  mines  to  he  found  on  tli.' 
premises,  and  extract  all  oies  and  minerals  to  he  found,  and  remove  tlie  same, 
and  in  the  work  of  mining  ami  removing  minerals  and  ores  to  u.se  all  tlie  surfac' 
room  re.iuired  ahout  such  woik,  and  to  cut  and  use  all  the  ti;nl.er  that  may  he 
required  for  mining  purposes.  In  all  ea.se.s  where  the  mineral  rights  are  grante.l 
the  grantor,  who  still  retains  tiie  surface  rights  (except  wherein  they  may  ]>f 
used  by  the  grantee  in  ami  about  the  working  of  the  mines),  is  the  person  asses.sed 
for  taxes,  and  is  liable  for  tiie  same.  Mineral  rights  cannot  be  asses.sed.  an.l 
eon-secjuently  are  free  from  taxation. 

Therefore  Mineral  Rights  are  a  pieferahle  purchase  in  a  majority  of  instances. 
Transfers  are  made  by  simple  deeds,  which  are  registered  in  the  Registry  Otlice 
for  the  county  in  which  the  land  is  situated. 


12- 


APPENDIX  B. 


MINING  IN     CANADA— SULPHUR     ORES 
AND  PHOSPHATES. 

(Kri)Mi  the  N.  Y.  I'.iit;iiit'triiii;  mill  MiiiiiiK  lnunial.) 

'riiiio  works  iMiirvcIs  in  tlie  livos  iuid  iiiUirostsiiniuHviduiil  citi/L-iis,  Imt  imicli 
iiioic  so  ill  tlie  history  of  iiiiuiufitctuios  iind  of  states.  We  livooii  tlii"  o\e  of  j^reiit 
cli!i.ii<{i;s,  am'  tli<'  wisost  iiiiioiij,'  us,  not  lilindiMl  hy  political  liias,  fiiii  set!  that  tin- 
proliaiilf  icfoiiii  of  tin;  taiitl'  in  the  near  fntme  innst  Inin^'  with  it  eertain  radical 
altoratioiis  in  our  inannfactures  and  uoinincicu.  W'licther  serious  changes  in  the 
trade  of  the  two  countries  occur  or  iif)t,  there  are  raw  materials  in  Canada  wliicli 
are  now  \alual)le,  and  will  speedily  ht^come  more  so  as  our  consumption  of  sul- 
phuric acid  and  fertilizers  increases.  I'lxcept  coal,  sulphur  oiirs  and  phosphates, 
the  minerals  cf  (Canada  jiossess  hut  little  interest  for  the  American  investor.  Now 
and  then  he  may  meet  with  something  worth  notice  in  utlier  directions,  hut  not 
often.  In  the  case  of  sulphur  ores  and  phosphate,  it  is  not  so  ;  for  outside  of  our 
Carcdina  supjilies  of  phosphate  there  is  none  so  near  or  so  rich  as  the  apatite  of 
Canada,  wliile  om  availahle  suliihur  ores  i.re  widely  distrihuted. 

It  i.s  not  inan\'  years  ago  since  Caiuula  i)hos|diate  licgan  to  attract  notice  in  the 
I'liited  States  and  I'lurope.     Of  hite  years  Americans  have  Uejit  a  steady  lookout 
for  property  in  ('anada  w  iiicli  they  I'oidd  work  tluMiisehis  for  the;  reipiirtiments  of 
the!)'  ow  11  factories.   The  importance  of  the  fertili/er  trade  in  its  iirescnt  condition, 
and  tl;  ■  proporti'  lis  it  promises  to  assume  in  the    near   future,  arc  the  principal 
causes  of  this  diversion  of  interest,    ft  is  not  many  years  ago  that  the  home  manu- 
facture was  expressed  in  five  figures  ;  now  it  takes  se\eii.     This  change  has  heeii 
accomidished  in  the  short  sjiacc  uf  ten  years.      \\  hat  it  will  lie  in  thene.xt  decade 
w  ill  depend  mainly  on  the  supjily  of  the  raw   material,  and  especially  on  the  cost 
of  suljihuric  acid.      When  Canada   apatite  first  came  on    the  market,  some  eight 
years  ago,  ))ractical  men  shook  their  heads  at  the  hard  and  uiniromising  looking 
material.      Many  of  the  mills  then  in  use  in   feitili/er   works  were  the  huhrstcjiies 
used  to  pulverize   ■oprolite  and  other  com]>aiatively  soft  material.     The  difiiculty 
of  grinding  has    now  heen    overcome,   and  it   is  no  longer  a  source  of  danger  to 
v.orkmen  and  of  perplexity  to  manufacturers,   instead  of  using  it  as  they  did  cop- 
rolite,  it  is  mixed  largely  with  other  softer  material,  which  eiialiles  the  operating 
chemist  totiist  saturate  the  apatite  with  sul])liuric  acid,  and  use  Carolina  iihosphatc 
or  hone-ash  as  a  drier.     The  use  of  these  materials  assists  largely  in  lengthening 
the  chemical  action  of  decomposiLioii  ;    the  carbonic  acid  of  the  softer  inateriiils 
ort'eis  a  mechanical  agent  to  sustain  the  acid  in  its  attai  k  on  the  hard  and  crystiil 
line  apatite.      Up  to  the  close  of  June,  1S81,  the  total  export  of  Canada  phosphate 
was   l."),()00  tons,  the  average  value  of  which  was  alxmt  Slti  a  ton.      In  188'2  these 
figures    were  increased    hy   18,000   to!is,  which  commanded  a   higher  average  of 
value.     Last  year  the  amount  produced  was  "i.'iOOO  tiuis,  and  a  slightly  increased 
value  over  the  year  previous.      Being  a  more  concentrated    phosjiluite  than  any 
(itliei  in  the  world,  it  has  very  naturally  been  sought  for  to  bring  up  the  acid  pirns- 


l>llilt..     f.Ttili/.T    to     lli«|,    l,..rr..,.ta,u'.'s     ut    pl,.,.,,l„..ir    :iri,|.        A     .sUt.-MMMlt    ..t     til.- 

aimlytiml  .•.„M|M.Miti.,n  of  a  f.w  of  tl,.-  k.;uli„.,  ,,1„  .;,|,at.s  of  cmninvi.  will  i„,li 
<'aU'  tlio  liigh  viilm-  of  CiiiiiKliuii  apiititf  ; 

ContiMit  of  tri- 

RllMNliili  : 

<  ioNCIIlllU'llt    of   (  )l  cj .,(|    I   I 

<'<)St'riiiiii'iit  of  I'oiluliii (M)  "S 

Kii^^li.sli  : 

Cuuiliriilj^f  loprolitL'.      rr  ~s 

FiciU'li  : 

Ai'dciii'c  coproliti' i,">  •'! 

lionlfiiux  pliosplmtf —   11 

SpiiniMli  : 

From  t\M>  iiiiiH's.  from "I  to  S.") 

N\  <'st  liiiliiiii  : 

Nii\a.s.su  Island -•)  !•« 

Old  Ctiiafofi  fslaiid 70.90 

Ntn\  Ciiiacoa  Island SS  SO 

^"'"'"■'■'■" SI.8S 

Rt'donda u-  -•} 

'''•'■•"l"i' (iSt.Stl 

Fiio  ( irando  : 

'•"'"■  '-^^^'i 70  to  SO 

■Sontli  Carolina  : 

^'"I''"litf 4S  to(i(» 

'''"'■"•''"^t^- .-.I  to  (11 

Canada  : 

•-^""•titc 72  to  (14 

Thosf  who  have  sccnr.'d  propnti.'s  in  tlif  Ottawa  Districts  hav  wmkcd  tlicm 
most  iMK'rii.'tically  for  all  tlify  aiv  wortli.  and  tlieir  returns  iiavr  licen  vry  .n- 
couraginj,'  so  fai'.  The  i'X))enses  vary,  of  course,  with  the  conditions,  luit  as  a  rule 
ranj(e  from  four  to  live  dollars  per  ton-ofton  lesH,  sometime>  a  little  more.  These 
ti<,nirfs  are,  huuevei',  the  result  of  tlie  experience  uf  ,-i  nundiei' ,,f  workings,  em- 
l)raci?i,if  at  least  seven  laiu'i^  mines  in  tin-  :,Meat  Ottawa  District.  The  cost  of  the 
miner  il  laid  down  in  Montreal  may  he  estimated  at  fi'oni  .s7  to  80  per  ton. 
Freiglits  to  New  ^■ork  may  he  iiad  at  fi-oni  .s.'!  up  l.y  hoat,  ami  for  Ion-  eonti.iets 
easy  railroad  rates  may  ])e  secured  directly  fi-om  the  mine  to  destination.  Prices 
this  season  in  Montreal  have  ranyed  from  sis  to  S2'2  for  choice  shi])m(tnts. 

The  (piantity  of  this  material  which  our  market  can  deal  with  will  depend 
mainly  on  the  cost  of  our  swlphmic  acid.  Already  a  j^i'eat  chaiiiic  has  recently 
taken  place  in  the  plant  of  several  American  manufacturers,  and  acid  lias  occa- 
sionally touched  very  low  figures.  Among  mantifactincrs  of  acid  opinion  has 
changed  in  regard  to  the  economy  of  pyrites  over  In-imstone.  Some  of  the  best 
known  pyrites  contain  in  average  sumph's  ahout  as  follows  : 

(  iiiu'lton.  San 

Vir!,'lnia.        Canaila.  DomuJHo.        Siiaiiisli. 

^•dplnir   47.r>0  46.(50  49.00  46.00 

lion 44.00  4.").00  4;}..-,0  4;{..")0 

C  opper 2.(i0  4. 10  IVIO  .S.  10 

Hitiierto  the  extraction  of  copper  was  the  hasis  of  operation  atCapelton,  and 
the  sidplnir  Wivs  allowed  to  diffu.se  itself  as  dioxide  (SO2)  for  miles  around,  injur- 


— u- 

iiig  Nc^ctiiti'Hi  ,iiiil  ollici  s\i,-*i'  iliiiiiu>{in;i  |iiii|u'i  ty.  If  tlic  ihiki'ms  wi'ic  ifvcisctl, 
anil  tlic  ores  wttr  worked  for  tlieir  snlpiim,  tlio  l»y-|n«»iliiit  uouhl  liuioiiu-  ii  siiiii,' 
littlr  protit,  iis  it  In  ill  Kiiiopf.  Tin;  (Jipt'ifon  Mistriot  i:oiil(l  Miip)ily  a  very  laip- 
ilciiiaiiil  fill  siilplHir  for  «(niu'  timi'  to  I'oini-,  ami  its  inus  rmilil  In-  workoil  i-itiuM-iii 
till-  iiiiiiii'iii.itf  loi'iility  or  at  hoiiil'  otiiur  point  nmie  uoiiNfiiii-nt  for  coal  ami  ili.s- 
triliiitioii  of  till'  raw  mati'iiiii. 

Il  is  an  iiiinniiMi'  rcononiy  to  I'liTt  fri'ili/t'i   works  ali)ii;{siili'   tin-  ariil  cliiiin 

l>ri>,  iis  it  sa\r.s  tlie  fost  of  coiK't'iitratiiig   tlie   ariil    r(;i|iiirt!il  for  .siipitrpiiospiiati- 

iiiaiiiifartiirc.      As  is  known  to  practini!  men,  tliu  ai-iil  is  iixi'il  at  rliainlx-r  .str»'ii;,'tli 

of  l.'JO  >p,  :^r.     As  tlir  loiiipi'tition  ill  the  nianiifaftiire  of  fuitili/i-is  iiu-n-aso. 

it  will  liiToint.'  iifct'.s.'sai  \  for  almost  cxi-ry   maker  to  miiniifai.'tnr('  liis  own  luiil  to 

.sfciiic  ills  fr.ll   sliarr  of  protit.      Iiial)ilit\    to  supply  oiit's  self  with  acid  of  liomi' 

make  has   kno(.'k(!d   iiian\    a   Itiitish   iiianiifactiircr  out  of  the  market  in  lii.s  own 

comitr\       The  conditions    of  ii    trade    do  not  always  remain   the  same  ;    and  if 

Ameiicaii  mamifactiircrs  iia\  e   liecii   alilc  to  make  a    decent  profit  on   well-made 

fcrtili/eis,  it  is  liecausc  tlic  amount  of  capital   in   the    Imsine.ss  was  nut  so  larj^t* 

that  competition  liecamc  ruinous.      As  capital   increases  and  the  consumption  of 

fcrtili/cr.'-'  hecomcs  moi-e  generid,  eomjietition  will  he  keener,  and  e\ery  source  of 

eeonom> ,  wlicthei  it  promises  much   or   little,    will  lie   s(|ueezeil  to   yield  its  liest 

result.s.      A  few  years  aL,'o  :i   prominent  statistician  ;,'ii\-e  the  consumption  of  fer- 

lili/ers  tor  a  few  of  the  Sontlieiii  States,  whii'h  liUi  s.»mewiiat  as  follows  : 

l'"ertiii/.er.->  in 
Stiitn.  Acres.  tons  ))nr  yuiir. 

<ieofKia (),(MM),(M)0  l(K),(HK> 

N'orth  Carolina 4,ti(;;{,(l(M»  SO,(MM> 

N'iigiiiiii .S,."i(M»,(i(M)  4().<H)0 

It  the  utiier  States  conid  he  iidded  it  would  soon  lie  found  how  lari^e  is  tlie 
consiimp.ion  of  manufactured  feitili/ers.  If  tlie  home  work  he  taken  at  twelve 
liuiidred  thousand  ton.s,  tinm  fully  half  a  million  tons  of  siiliihiiric  acid  winild  1k' 
ie(|uired  to  trciit  the  raw  material  producin<,'  the  manufactured  articles  and  suh- 
sidiarv  purposes.  The  large  deposits  met  with  hetweeii  New  Norkand  Montreal 
might  he  iise('  to  siitisfy  the  entire  wants  of  this  husiness.  Whether  any  changes 
are  made  in  the  tariff' or  not,  Americans  would  not  he  prevented  ,rom  drawing 
supplies  of  sulphur  from  '.'anada.  Should  any  alteration  lie  made  in  the  direction 
lit  tree  importation  ot  .sulphuric  acid,  then  new  circumstancei,  .oay  arise  which 
may  render  it  de.sirahle  to  make  the  acid  where  the  ivvv  materials  are  found. 
Those  found  in  Canada  are  likely  to  receive  an  iiicieased  share  of  attention  from 
year  to  year,  hoth  liecausc  of  tlieir  proximity  and  high  value. 

Tho«e  who  have  watched  the  ipiiet  revolution  which  has  taken  place  in  the 
Hour  milling  trade  during  the  last  five  years  must  have  noticed,  not  merely  the 
rapid  reduction  of  the  Imhrstones  ..ml  the  suhstitntion  ,if  rollers,  hut  the  very 
large  increase  of  capital  which  has  heen  attracted  to  the  Imsine.ss.  Important  as 
Hour  milling  is  to  ,,  eoiintry,  and  the  ad.optiim  of  new  methods,  so  rapid  a  change 
was  not  more  needed  in  the  miller's  trade  than  it  is  in  the  manufacture  of  acids. 
If  ever  the  LTnitcdStiites  hecomcs  great  as  a  manufacturing  nation,  it  will  he  largely 
the  result  of  cheapened  sulphuric  acid.  So  nn.nifold  are  its  uses,  apart  fronrth'e 
fertilizing  trade,  that  one  can  scarcely  think  of  an  industry  which  can  he  cairied 
on  without  its  aid  in  some  one  or  other  of  its  operations.  "  Cheap  acid  is  the  l.asis 
of  all  chemical  industry,  and  to  he  in  the  front  rank  as  a  manufacturing  nation  has 
long  heen  the  wish  and  aspiration  of  the  country.  Kor  several  vears  railroad 
activity  has  not  heen  less  than  it  is  nov,-.     Tlieie  is  less  competition  "for  money  for 


—  ]',— 

tliis  |,uip..s..  tliai.  their  lii.s  l.,.,.n   for  s.m.r  ti rakni   'ip  l.y    ni.iimf;,,  tuiriN, 

tlierc  is  Icsf^  likolilin,,,!  „f  hu.^Ii  u  s.l„.Mie  falling  tliious'li  iittcr  a  lluHlM.f.-xritnm'iit.' 
With  the  stfiuly  jjiowtli  ill  tlit-  fri tili/.or  tnuk-.  uii.l  tl.r  Us.suu-I  .ii.in,iM.I  f„i' 
capital  (.lit  Most  for  tlu-  lu-M  f.'W  years,  tlieri-  will  un.l(Mil)tiMlly  1„.  a  |iir;,'..r  .sluirf 
of  it  for  ciiipioyiiiLiit  east,  if  tin-  Ikhik-  proportion  of  tin-  maiiiilii.tiir»"iN  to  iii. 
rrciwe,  aoiil  imist  lio  as  .iH.ap  Iumc  as  it  is  in  Kuropr.  II,,.  ,piii„tity  of  aci.l  a 
country  coiiHUMK's  i«  often  assume.!  as  a  test  of  pr..gri-sK  in  tii.'  niaiinfa.'turini,'  arts 
mimI  of  its  positi<.n  in  the  eoni.n..r.e  of  theworl.j.  Tlu-  "onMiMMption  is.ieteru.ine.l 
K.V  tiie  cost  of  tile  article,  ami  this  .inuiii  may  he  governe.l  l.y  th'  people  th.^ni- 
selves.  Not  eoiiMimptioii  only,  l.iit  the  amount  whieli  a  country  can  iiiaiiiifacture, 
may  also  he  ri^ihtly  ie;,'ar.le.|  as  a  proof  of  its  civilization. 


" 'I'he  amount  of  apatite  shippe.l  from  Caua.Ia  during  tU  last  year  aggre- 
,^ate.l  hut  I7,S4(»  tons,  instcul  of  •J.'MHM)  tons  a.sstate.l.  Tlie  annual  o'litputof  tli« 
Cana.lian  jilios|iliate  minus  Wurinj,'  the  last  six  years  has  heen  as  follows  :  I,s7.s. 
;{,7()i  tons:  ISTit,  ll,J»'27tons:  1 8,S(),  7.974  tons  :  ISSI,  I :.,(!()!  tons  ;  ISN'i,  I7,IHI 
t.ms;  \Hm,  l7,N4(»tons,  an.l  it  is  not  uiireasom.hle  to  expect  that  the.  output' for 
the  present  year  will  reach  .piite  24,(K)(»  ;  prohahly  •J.-i.OOO  tons."  Of/a.n,  Minh,,, 
li<  rif  ir. 


